For centuries, the land that is now Mexico belonged to the Aztecs, who built towering pyramids, developed beautiful artistic works, and independently invented writing. Unfortunately, these innovations weren't enough to save them from faraway invaders, who would destroy their entire civilization in a few months and make the fall of the Aztecs our next turning point in history.
As you explore this slideshow, mark the boundaries of the Aztec Empire on your thematic map, labeling its important cities and rulers.
A Mighty Empire
In 1519, the civilization of the Aztec people in central America was at its peak. Known throughout the continent for their powerful armies, advanced architecture, and sophisticated artistry, the Aztecs were secure in the belief that their society would last for centuries.
Artists and Architects
Mesoamericans had independently invented writing, and their Aztec descendents valued education highly. They were also famous for their poetry and music, and their stadiums and pyramids were the wonder of South America. They even invented chocolate!
Montezuma II
The last real ruler of the Aztecs was called Montezuma (also known as Moctezuma II). He was said to be a strong figure, and he ruled his people from a rich and opulent palace in the heart of the city.
Enemies from Afar
Montezuma had overseen the greatest expansion of the Aztec Empire (green area, above), and was no stranger to battle. What Montezuma didn't know, however, was that his ability to defend his people was about to be put to the ultimate test.
Question
What was Montezuma's Aztec Empire like before he clashed with Cortés?